Mai daukar hoto na farko
Lokacin da aka yi tambaya game da wanene wanda ya dauki hotunan farko na farko, akwai ƙaramin gardama a yau cewa shi Yusufu Nicephor Niépce.
Ƙunni na Farko
An haifi Niépce a Faransa a ranar 7 ga Maris, shekara ta 1765. Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'ya'ya uku da mahaifinsa da yake lauya mai arziki. An tilasta iyalin gudu daga yankin lokacin da juyin juya halin Faransanci ya fara. An kira Niépce Yusufu, amma yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Oratorian a Angers, ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da suna Nicéphore don girmama Saint Nicephorus tsohon sarki na karni na tara na Constantinople.
Ayyukansa sun koya masa hanyoyin gwaji a kimiyya kuma ya sauke karatu don zama malami a kwalejin.
Niépce ya zama jami'in ma'aikatan sojojin Faransa a karkashin Napoleon. Yayin shekarunsa na hidima, yawancin lokacinsa ya ciyar a Italiya da tsibirin Sardinia. Ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa saboda rashin lafiya. Bayan barin aikin ya yi aure Agnes Romero kuma ya zama Gwamna na gundumar Nice. Ya bar wannan matsayi don ci gaba da bincike kimiyya tare da dan uwansa Claude a iyalansu a Chalon. Ya sake komawa gida tare da uwarsa, 'yar'uwarsa da ɗan'uwana Bernard. Ba wai kawai ya bi kimiyyar kimiyya ba, amma ya gudanar da harkokin iyali. 'Yan uwan sun zama' yan kasuwa-manoma, masu tasowa da kuma samar da sukari.
Hotuna na farko
An yarda Niépce ya dauki hotunan hoton farko a duniya a 1822.
Yin amfani da kyamara ba tare da ɓoye ba, akwatin da rami a gefe ɗaya wanda yayi amfani da hasken daga wurin waje, ya ɗauki rubutun Paparoma Pius VII. Wannan masanin kimiyya ya rushe wannan hoton lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙari ya daidaita shi. Biyu daga cikin yunkurinsa duk sun tsira. Mutum ɗaya ne da doki, ɗayan kuwa yana zaune a motar motsa jiki.
Babbar matsalar matsalar Niépce ita ce hannun da ba shi da kyau da kuma basirar zane, wanda ya jagoranci shi don ƙoƙarin gano hanyar da za ta kama hotuna har abada ba tare da dogara ga basirar zane ba. Niépce ta gwada da amfani da azurfa chloride, wanda ya yi duhu lokacin da aka fallasa zuwa haske, amma ya sami bai isa ya samar da sakamakon da yake so ba. Daga bisani sai ya koma bitumen, wanda ya jagoranci shi zuwa ƙoƙarinsa na farko da ya yi ƙoƙari wajen daukar hoto. Tsarinsa ya kunshi bitumen da aka rushe a cikin man shanu, wanda shine yadudden sau da yawa ana amfani dashi a cikin zane. Daga nan sai ya shafa takarda na pewter tare da wannan cakuda ya sanya shi a cikin kyamara. Watanni takwas bayan haka ya cire shi kuma ya wanke shi da man fetur dinnder don cire duk wani bitumen wanda ba a taba shi ba.
Hoton da kansa ba abin tunawa ba ne kamar yadda gini ne, ginin, da bishiya. An yi imanin cewa shi ne tsakar gida a gidansa. Duk da haka, tun da tsarin ya kasance mai jinkiri, ya ɗauki sama da sa'o'i takwas, rana ta tashi daga gefe ɗaya daga cikin hoton zuwa ɗayan yana nuna shi ne idan rana ta fito daga bangarorin biyu na hoto. Wannan tsari zai taimakawa Louis Daguerre da ci gaba da ci gaba da cin hanci da rashawa.
Ya dauka shi fiye da shekaru ashirin na gwaji tare da hotunan hotunan kafin ya samu nasarar.
Matsalar da ta gabata ita ce ko da yake ya iya saita hotuna, suna da sauri. Hoton farko daga Niépce tun daga 1825. Ya kira sabon tsarin shi Heliograph, bayan kalmar Helenanci "rana."
Da zarar Niépce ya sami nasarar da ya so sai ya yanke shawarar tafiya zuwa Ingila don kokarin karfafa sabon sababbin kamfanonin Royal Society. Abin takaici, an haɗu da shi tare da rashin cin nasara. Ƙungiyar tana da wata doka da ta nuna cewa ba zai inganta duk wani bincike ba tare da asirin da ba a bayyana ba. Babu shakka, Niépce ba ta shirye ta raba asirinsa ba tare da duniya, saboda haka sai ya koma Faransa ya ji kunya cewa ya kasa samun nasara ga sababbin sababbin abubuwa.
A Faransa, Niépce ta haɓaka da Louis Daguerre. A 1829 sai suka fara aiki don inganta tsarin. Sun kasance abokan tarayya na shekaru hudu masu zuwa har sai mutuwar Niépce a shekara ta 1833 a shekara 69.
Daguerre ya ci gaba da yin aiki a kan bayanan bayan mutuwar Niépce bayan da ya tasowa tsari wanda, ko da yake bisa ga binciken da aka samu, ya bambanta da abin da Niépce ya halitta. Ya kira shi Daguerre, bayan kansa. Ya gudanar da mulkin gwamnatin Faransanci don sayen abin da ya sa a madadin mutanen Faransa. A shekara ta 1939, gwamnatin Faransa ta amince da biyan Daguerre a kowace shekara na 6,000 Francs na tsawon rayuwarsa, kuma ya biya dukiya na Niépce 4,000 Francs a kowace shekara. Ɗan Niépce ba shi da farin ciki da wannan tsari, yana da'awar cewa Daguerre na karɓar amfani ga abin da mahaifinsa ya halitta. Babu shakka an sami kananan bashi don yin wani abu da wannan halitta har sai 1952 lokacin da masana tarihi Alison da Helmut Gernsheim suka sake gano siffofin Niépce. Wannan binciken ne wanda ya ba da damar duniya su koyi game da tsarin "rubutun ilmin" na Niépce kuma ya ba da damar duniya su gane cewa wannan shine farkon abin ci gaba na abin da yanzu muke kira daukar hoto: hoto da aka gina a kan farfajiya mai haske, ta hanyar aikin haske.
Kodayake Niépce ya fi saninsa ne game da abin da ya faru a cikin hotunan hotunan, yana da nasarorin da ya gabata a matsayin mai kirkiro. Daga cikin sauran abubuwan kirkirar Niépce shi ne Pyreolophore, ƙwararren wuta na farko na duniya, wanda ya haifa kuma ya halicce shi tare da ɗan'uwansa Claude. Sarkin sarakuna, Napoleon Bonaparte, ya ba da takardar shaidarsa a cikin 1807 bayan an nuna shi ikon yin ikon jirgin sama a kan kogin a Faransa.
Bayaninsa
Don girmama wannan mai daukar hoto, An halicci Niépce Prize Niépce kuma an ba shi kyauta kowace shekara tun shekarar 1955 zuwa wani mai daukar hoto wanda ya rayu da kuma aiki a Faransa tsawon shekaru uku. An gabatar da shi ne don girmama Nièpce by Albert Plécy na kungiyar Gens d'Images.
Resources
Tarihin Yusufu Nicephore:
http://www.madehow.com/inventorbios/69/Joseph-Nic-phore-Niepce.html
BBC News: Tsohon tarihin duniya An sayar
BBC News Alhamis, 21 Maris 2002, Kyautattun tarihin duniya da aka sayar a ɗakin karatu
Tarihin Hotuna
http://www.all-art.org/history658_photography13.html