Durand Art Glass

Kodayake wasu nassoshi sun nuna Durand Art Glass na Victor Durand, Sr. a Vineland, New Jersey a 1924, wannan kawai bangare ne kawai. Akwai kamfanin da ya samar da kayan inji mai suna Durand a Vineland, amma an kira shi Vineland Flint Glass Works kuma ya faru a 1897. Victor Durand, Jr. ya yi aiki tare da mahaifinsa don gano kamfanin, wanda ya samar da sinadarai da kimiya na kimiyya a farkonsa shekaru, a cewar Cibiyar Wheaton da Cibiyar Al'adu a Millville, NJ

Durands sun samo asali ne daga Baccarat, Faransa inda suka yi aiki ga duniya Cristalleries de Baccarat sanannen kafin su tashi zuwa Amurka a ƙarshen 1800. Dukkanansu sun daraja da kwarewarsu a wasu kamfanonin gilashi a Amurka kafin bude Vineland Flint Glass Works, a cewar TheAntiquarian.com.

Victor Durand, Jr., ya saya kakanta na mahaifinsa, kuma kamfanin ya bun} asa a farkon shekarun 1900, lokacin da harkokin kasuwancinsa suka karu. A gaskiya ma, Vineland ta kasance daya daga cikin kamfanoni masu cin nasara a kasar a wannan lokacin. A sakamakon haka, ana sa mafarkin mafarki na samar da gilashin fasaha a cikin motsi.

Ta yaya "Fancy Shop" Yazo Game da

Durand Art Glass Shop, wani ɓangare na Vineland Flint Glass Works, an kafa shi ne a ƙarshen 1924 tare da taimakon Martin Bach, Jr., wanda ya gaji zane-zane na Quezal Art Glass da Inganta Kamfanin daga mahaifinsa.

Abin baƙin cikin shine, Quezal yana cikin matsalolin tattalin arziki lokacin da ya dauki mukamin babban manajan baya ya rufe shi don ya duba aikin samar da Durand.

Bayan yarda da kalubalen da za a dauka don fara wannan sabon gilashin fasahar fim, Bach ya tara manyan ma'aikatan Quezal da dama su shiga tare da shi.

Tare sun hada da abin da aka sani a kusa da kamfanin a matsayin "zane-zane" wanda ke samar da gilashin zane-zane mai ban sha'awa wanda ya kirkiro shafukan da suka fi shahara a cikin Quezal. Ƙungiyar ba ta daina yin koyi da aikin da suke yi ba tukuna. Yankuna na ƙungiyoyi sun haɗa da tasirin Quezal tare da sababbin hanyoyin. Amma kodayake kantin zanen ya haifar da kayayyaki masu ban mamaki ga Durand, yawancin tasirin Quezal sun kasance a cikin aikin samarwa.

Yana da ban sha'awa a lura cewa rabon gilashin fasaha na Vineland Flint Glass Works ba a taɓa ganin amfani ba. Ba haka ba ne a ce ba a san aikin wannan ƙungiya ba. Durand gilashin gilashi ya karbi Medal na Karimci a Taurarin Kasashen Duniya a Philadelphia a shekara ta 1926. Amma dai zabin Victor Durand ne kawai da gilashin da ke riƙe da shagon zane wanda ake amfani da shi don sauran kayan kasuwanci da aka sayar da shi. Wannan ƙa'ida ya kwatanta da Louis Comfort Tiffany wanda aka kuma san shi don sake haɗin kamfanonin kamfaninsa tare da dukiyarsa a wannan lokaci.

Victor Durand ya mutu a cikin hatsarin mota a 1931. Gine-gine na Vineland Flint Glass Works yana ƙoƙari ya haɗu da wani kamfanin kasuwanci na Vineland, Kimble Glass Company, a wannan lokacin.

Cibiyar ta Durand ta kammala ta haɓaka, kuma Kimble ya sayar da mafi yawan takardun Durand na gilashin fasaha. Kamfanin ya yi layi na gilashin gilashi kamar abin da Steuben ya samar, amma a ƙarshen 1932 kantin sayar da zane ya rufe kuma dukkanin sauran kayan da aka ragu ya rabu da su, kuma sun watsar da su, da yawa ga ragowar masu karɓar yau.

Durand ta Launuka da alamu

Gilashin launin ruwan gilashi iri-iri da Durand yayi amfani dashi. An rubuta shi a matsayin "gilashin man fetur" ta ma'aikata mai ban sha'awa, amma kamfanin ya kira shi "ambergris". Wannan gilashi mai launin ruwan yana dauke da muhimmanci don samar da launuka daban-daban a cikin gilashi mai ban mamaki. Wannan iridescence an kira shi "luster". Durand, wanda ake kira "Tiffany iridescent" by Durand, ya sanya shi ta hanyar haɗuwa da tin chloride tare da girasar katako da ruwa.

Hanyoyin launin shuɗi da na zinari na gwaninta suna kama da gilashin Aurene na Steuben (duba Karin Hotuna a sama).

Ɗaya daga cikin kayayyaki masu yawa da Durand ya samar shine Tsuntsaye na Fiscock (duba hotuna a sama). Wannan zane ya fara da Tiffany ne da farko da Quezal ya yi. Wadannan sassa an yi su ne a cikin sassan lambobi masu launin fata da na gashi. Durand ya yi amfani da kalmar "walƙiya" don nuna launi a kan irin wannan yanki da aka samar a cikin shuɗi, kore da Ruby ja tare da rawaya a ƙananan iyakoki, ba tare da damuwa da abin da masu tattara suke nunawa a matsayin launi mai haske ba .

Da farko a cikin 1925, an yi kwakwalwan gishiri a cikin "gilashi". Wadannan rukuni sun samo su ta hanyar yin launin launin ruwan gilashi sa'annan su yanki launin launi (s) masu launin su bayyana gashin gilashi a ƙasa. Wannan hanyar da ake kira "cut to clear" by masu tarawa a yau. Durand, duk da haka, ya kaddamar da wannan salon a matsayin "Class Glass" kuma ya sake yin amfani da fasaha a yawancin alamu da launuka.

King Tut wani zane ne mai ban sha'awa Durand da aka yi a wasu nau'o'i. Wannan ƙirar hargitsi na iya ƙaddamar da Tiffany, kuma Quezal ya yi shi. Wadannan sassa sun kasance a cikin launuka daban-daban tare da ƙarancin ƙarancin.

Durand ta Crackle Glass ya kasance a cikin matakai biyu wanda aka sanya gilashi mai zafi tare da launi na gilashin launin toka sannan kuma ya shiga cikin ruwan sanyi don saman saman zai iya kwance. An gilashi gilashi kuma sai an hura a cikin wani nau'i don yayi masa siffar. An yi amfani da wasu sunayen daban don bayyana launi mai launi mai laushi tare da cikakkiyar kammala ciki har da Mutual, Moorish, da Masar. An kuma yi Crystal Crackle tare da launi ta launi akan wani tushe mai tushe kamar Stepoen's threading pattern.

Sauran Damand da Durand sun hada da Cameo da acid-cut-back amma a cikin iyakokin yawa. Sauran abubuwa na musamman kamar kamfanonin Bubble da m sun kasance masu fitilu amma an tattara su a matsayin littattafai. Sauran fitilu da kayayyaki masu banbanta dabam-dabam sun hada da gilashi a cikin ma'aikata, kuma an yi wa kawunan da aka yi da lilin ko takarda don yin wasa da su.

Ruwa yana da yawa a cikin lokaci don yin fitilun fitilu.

Gano Glass Gilashin Durand

Yawancin Durand da dama basu sanya hannu ba, musamman ma kayayyaki na farko. An lakafta su da takardun azurfa da takardun fata, wanda yawancin lokuta sun sace lokacin barin yankunan da ba a bayyana a yau. Ƙananan yanki sun goge gashi har ma lokacin da alama ba ta kasance ba. Wadannan sassa an gano su ta hanyar siffofi, launuka da kayan ado, ciki har da amberris na ciki na ciki da na ciki da na kullun kayan aiki.

Daga bisani an ba da alama kaɗan a hanyoyi da yawa. Wasu suna da hannu wanda aka rubuta alama ne kawai "Durand". Wani lokaci alamar yana tare da babban "V" da lambobin da ke nuna lambar siffar da tsawo na yanki. Yawancin waɗannan alamomin da aka zana suna da alamun aljihunan aluminum wanda ya ba da wasiƙa ta azurfa.