01 na 05
Ma'anar Toleware
Terra cotta da mai launin launi mai launin launi mai launin launi, Faransanci, ca. 1825-50. - Hotuna kyauta daga www.prices4antiques.com Toleware, ko haƙuri kawai, yana nufin abubuwa da abubuwan da aka yi da tin wanda aka jingina ko lacquered, kuma an ƙawata tare da hoto ko zane. Tsarawa a farkon karni na 18, wannan fasaha ta yada a Turai da Amurka, kuma cinikin wadannan abubuwa ya karu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
Matsarar da za a yi amfani da ita shine aka kirkire karfe. An saka nau'i na baƙin ƙarfe ko ƙarfe a cikin zane-zane da aka zana a ciki (wanda shine allura na tin da jan karfe) don samar da tushe da za a iya yi masa ado da fenti ko zane. Abubuwan da aka samo tushe suna sau da yawa ana kiranta su ne yayin da aka kwatanta lafiyar.
Wannan fasaha mai ban sha'awa an ce an gina shi don ci gaba da amfani da kayayyakin kayan gida daga tsattsauran ra'ayi, kuma har ya zuwa karshen karni na 19 a lokacin da shahararren wanzuwar wankewa. Toleware, duk da haka, ya ga wani farfadowa kaɗan a Amurka a cikin shekarun 1950 da ta dade shekaru goma ko haka.
Har ila yau, an san shi a matsayin pelat peinte (wanda shine Faransanci don "fentin takin fentin"), zanen fenti, ko saurin juriya, ana amfani da wannan fasaha ga abubuwa masu yawa - daga kayan aiki na ƙasƙanci don kayan ado - kuma a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban . Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi samuwa sune tasoshin fitilu, kwalluna, shaguna, da kuma shayi ko kayan ajiya.
Wannan yanayin yana dauke da nau'o'in nau'i uku daga ko'ina cikin duniya:
Turanci Toleware
Faransanci T & ocirc; le Peinte
Peren Yammacin Amirka
02 na 05
Turanci Toleware
Chinoiserie cellarette, gilt da kuma blackwareware tare da gilded paw feet daga Pontypool, Wales, ca. 1801-25. - Hotuna kyauta daga farashin farashin Birtaniya, tare da Yaren mutanen Holland, mai yiwuwa shine na farko da za su iya samar da hanyoyin da ake amfani da su, wanda zai yiwu a farkon 1700. Kamar yadda aka saba da sauran nau'in japan, da manufar ita ce ta kwaikwayi abubuwan da aka gina a Japan - ƙananan da suke da wuya a sami, tun da Jafananci sun rufe dangantakar cinikayya da mafi yawan Turai a tsakiyar 1600.
Don haka, abubuwa na Turanci sukan kasance da kayan ado na zinariya wanda aka yi ado da zinariya da kayan ado tare da chinoiseie (wato, kayayyaki da ke da halayyar Asiya ko kuma abubuwan da aka nuna a Asiya), kamar yadda a kan wannan littafi . Za a iya samo wasu kayan gargajiya na musamman, kamar masu shayi na shayi tare da wuraren da ke nuna rayuwar Turanci a lokacin da aka yi su. Wasu daga cikin wadannan suna da asali a cikin duhu mai duhu da sauran launi mai zurfi.
Ƙwararren harshen Ingilishi an yi su akai-akai na pewter. Wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun aikin aiki sun fito daga Wales, musamman Pontypool da Usk.
03 na 05
Faretin Faretin Faransa
Biyu na zanen katako na Faransanci, a farkon karni na 19, alamu na zane-zane, zaki na hawa a kowane gefe. - Hotuna kyauta daga farashin farashin kaya / Neal Auction Co. Faransanci ya ɗauki abin da suke kira pelain peinte (wanda shine Faransanci don "takarda fentin") tare da fasalin halayen su. Yin amfani da fasaha masu mahimmanci, irin su vernis martin , sun samar da abubuwa masu launin launin fata daban-daban da kayan ado daban-daban. Dama da kuma sophisticated, guda kamar irin wannan nau'i mai nauyin nau'i na karni na 19 wanda aka taso a cikin wani fasaha.
Mafi kyawun jinsin da aka samo a Faransa ya samo asali, kamar yadda kuke tsammani, a birnin Paris.
04 na 05
Peren Yammacin Amirka
Pennsylvania Toleware Coffee Pot, c. farkon shekarun 1800. - www.prices4antiques.com A {asar Amirka, wa] ansu nau'o'in maganin rigakafi sun shigo da farko. Shahararrun wadannan kayayyaki a cikin Colonies ya haifar da kullun a kasar Amurka. Wadannan nau'ukan da aka fiƙa a fentinar suna yawan haɗuwa da fasaha da sana'a na mutane - ko da yake wasu da yawa suna da tsabtace jiki, tare da zane-zane da zane masu launi.
Za a iya gwaninta wani nau'i na ƙwayar asalin ganyayyaki, sa'an nan kuma a ƙawata da motsa jiki na fure ko na gida, amma kuma launin launi ne na kowa. Yankuna daban-daban suna ɗauke da halaye daban-daban dangane da zane da kayan ado; musamman ayyukan da aka samu daga "masu fata" (abin da ake kira masu fasaha a ranar) a Stevens Port, Maine (kusa da Portland); Litchfield, Connecticut; da kuma kasar Netherlands ta Netherlands.
Yayin da ake farfadowa da mulkin mallaka na shekarun 1950 da shekarun 1960, ana sayar da kayayyakin tsabtace jiki a Amurka. Yawancin waɗannan suna da launi mai suna Pennsylvania Dutch game da su wanda ke nuna zane-zane mai ban sha'awa a cikin duhu, amma an halicce su ne a cikin masana'antu a cikin jerin tarurruka fiye da kayan shaguna da kuma kayan ado kamar tsofaffin kayan aiki. Wadannan ƙananan na iya zama masu ɗawainiya mai mahimmanci, musamman ma ɗakunan littattafai waɗanda suka kasance masu sayarwa, amma kada su damu da matakan da suka dace.
05 na 05
Koyi duka game da Toleware
Kara karantawa game da nau'o'in iri daban-daban don yin amfani da kayayyaki fenti ciki har da wadanda daga Ingila, Faransa da Amurka:
Ma'anar Toleware
Turanci Toleware
Faretin Faretin Faransa
Farar fata mai launin furanni na Amurka