Bayyanawa da Abokai na Abokai daga tsohuwar zamani
An fara fararen asalin Birtaniya a kusa da shekara ta 1770 lokacin da aka gano yalwar kaolin a Cornwall, Ingila. Kusan 1880, Ingilishi ya sanya waɗannan nau'ikan kayan wuta sun fi ƙarfin nauyi, sun fi karfi, kuma sun fi karfi ta ƙara ƙuƙwalwar ƙasa daga dabbobin gona a cikin yumbu mai yumbu, kamar yadda Frank Farmer Loomis IV ya nuna. A shekara ta 1842, Spode na ɗaya daga cikin masana'antu da ke aiki a Ingila don yin abin da ake kira "kashin nama" tare da Coalport, Wedgwood , Worchester, da kuma sauran kamfanonin.
Tarihin Binciken Bincike
Yosiya Lokaci ya fara aiki a matsayin mai ginin tukwane a tsakiyar shekarun 1700, kuma daga 1754 ya tafi aiki don William Banks a Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, Ingila. Ya ci gaba da fara kasuwancinsa wanda ya yi launin fata da launin fari da launin shuɗi. A shekara ta 1770, ya karbi shugaban kamfanin Banks, kuma ya gama sayen kasuwancin a shekarar 1776, a cewar Warman's Antiques & Collectibles (Krause Publications) da Noah Fleisher ya shirya.
"Koma aiki tare da yin amfani da na'ura mai amfani da tururi, kayan aiki na tukwane da kuma kwarewar fasahar canja wurin buga daga faranti na jan karfe," kamar yadda aka gani a Warman's . "Lokaci ya bude wani shagon London a shekarar 1778 kuma ya aika da William Copeland a can a cikin shekara ta 1784. Yawancin wuraren da suka fi girma a London. A cikin karni na 18, Spode ya gabatar da kashi na china. A cikin 1805, Josiah Spode II da William Copeland sun shiga cikin haɗin gwiwa don kasuwancin London.
Harkokin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Josiah Josiah II, Josiah Josiah III da William Taylor Copeland sunyi. "
A farkon shekarun 1830, Copeland ya sami aikin Spode a London, kuma ya dauki bishiyoyin Stoke a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Har sai da ya mutu a 1868, Copeland ya gudanar da kasuwanci sannan ya ba wa magada nasa.
An sabunta kwanan nan a 1923, wanda ya haɗa da kariyar wutar lantarki.
A 1976, Spode ya haɗu da Worcester Royal Porcelain don zama Royal Worcester Spode, Ltd.
Alamar Lokaci
Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, kamfanin ya yi ta hanyar sauye-sauye a mallaki kuma ya bunkasa dangantaka da yawa a tsawon rayuwarsa, ba a ambaci masana'antu iri iri da ke samar da su a wurare daban-daban. Sakamakon yana da yawa, da yawa daban-daban Ana amfani da alamomin ƙira akan nau'o'in bambanta. A gaskiya ma, Chad Lage ( Pottery Books & Porcelain Marks by yanzu), ya nuna 31 misalan misalin misalai da / ko Copeland da suka fito daga tsakiyar shekarun 1700 ta hanyar samar da zamani.
Wasu lokuttan da aka samo asali na Kwafe / Copeland sun haɗa da:
- Farin Fentin Backstamp (yana iya samun lambar da ke ƙarƙashin) - Rubutattun hannu a ƙarƙashin haske, sau da yawa a ja, amma ana iya samun launuka daban-daban ciki har da baki da blue. An yi amfani dashi a tsakanin shekarun 1790 da 1827.
- SPODE - Tashi a cikin china ba tare da canza launi ba. An yi amfani da shi daga 1814 zuwa 1833.
- Copeland da Garrett - Mark ya yi amfani da shi daga 1833 zuwa 1847, wani lokaci tare da "Late Spode" da aka kafa don rarrabe waɗannan sassa saboda sanannun sunan Spode.
- Code Copeland ta kasar Ingila - Wasu alamomi sunyi amfani da sunan Spode da Copeland bayan tsakiyar shekarun 1800.
Sauran nassoshi masu kyau don bambanta bambancen da aka yi amfani da su da kuma / ko Copeland su ne Kovels Dictionary of Marks: Pottery & Porcelain 1650 zuwa 1850 da kuma Kovels New Dictionary of Marks: Pottery & Porcelain 1850 zuwa Gabatar da marigayi Ralph Kovel da matarsa Terry Kovel ( Crown). Alamai a cikin wadannan littattafai, duk da haka, ana janye su maimakon ɗaukar hoto akan ainihin sassan.
Ba a samo kowane ɓangare na Spode ba, don haka za'a iya samo su tare da siffar fentin hannu kawai a ƙarƙashin haske. Wadannan an rubuta su ne a ja, kuma kada su damu da kwanan wata da aka damu da su daga ƙarshen 1800 zuwa 1963.
Sabbin sababbin abubuwa, ciki har da alamu na Kirsimeti, suna da alamar bayani da yawa Ƙididdigar masana'antu da suka hada da sunaye sunaye, wanda zai sa su sauƙin ganewa.
Abun hulɗa da amfani da amfani da kwanan wata
Haka ne, ana amfani da alamomin kwanan wata tun daga farkon shekarun 1800 zuwa 1963 baya ga masana'antun masana'antun da yawa a sama. Wadannan zasu iya taimakawa wajen yin jima'i da yawa da yawa da kuma Copeland ba tare da zabin abin da ya dace ba.
A wasu lokatai waɗannan burge-zane - wasika a kan lamba, kamar Y a kan 24, misali - yana da wahala a karanta haka ta yin amfani da takarda takarda don tafiya akan su tare da fensir na iya zama taimako. Ko kuma, za ka iya danna samfurin yada yumbu a cikin alamar sannan ka riƙe shi zuwa madubi don karanta abin da yake fada.
Da zarar ka samarda wasikar da lambar, alamar ta sauƙaƙa don lalata. Bisa ga tarihin Tarihin Bincike, haruffa suna fassara zuwa: J don Janairu; F don Fabrairu; M ga Maris; A don Afrilu; Y don Mayu; U don Yuni; L don Yuli; T don Agusta; S don Satumba; Ya don Oktoba; N ga Nuwamba da D don Disamba. Lambar da ke ƙasa shine shekara, don haka Y24 ya fassara zuwa Mayu na 1924.
Ranar ranar 1963 zuwa 1976 sun fi rikitarwa, kuma wata alama ta nuna ta. Kira da Copeland Marks da sauran Masanin Ilimin da Robert Copeland yayi amfani da shi shine babbar hanya ga wadanda ke so su koyi game da yadda aka yi amfani da Spode da Copeland a cikin shekaru, ciki har da lakabi na ƙarshe.
Ƙara koyo game da bisque, mai laushi-da wuya-manna karanta layi: Nau'o'i uku na tsohuwar fata .