Ƙasar 20th Century kayan kayan ado da kayan ado
Don haka William Morris bai yarda da sakamakon juyin juya halin masana'antu ba, wanda ya haifar da dukkanin yunkuri na tsayayya da ita. Rubuta Rubutun Mutane a 1879, sakon littafi ya sauya al'adun Arts da Crafts. Ya rubuta, "... kayan da mutane suka yi, da kuma mutane, a matsayin mai farin ciki ga mai yi da mai amfani."
Abin ban mamaki shine, kasuwancinsa da aka kafa a 1861 - Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. - sun sanya kayan ado waɗanda suka yi tsada sosai don yawancin "mutane" su saya, kamar yadda Frank Farmer Loomis IV ya ce.
Wadannan kaya masu yawa na kyawawan ingancin sun hada da fuskar bangon waya da yadudduka.
A shekara ta 1865, shekaru da yawa kafin ya wallafa littafi da aka ambata, Morris ya gabatar da sashin farko na mai kwalliya, wanda ya nuna jigilar layi da kayan fata wanda ke da alaka da kayan aiki da aka yi a Amurka wanda aka tsara ta hanyar fasahar Arts da Crafts. Ka tuna cewa wannan "kujerun Morris" tare da samfurori masu sauki wanda aka gabatar a wani lokaci lokacin da Rococo Revival da wasu sauran fina-finai na Victorian duk sun kasance cikin fushi, kuma bambancin da ya faru da shi ya kasance mai hankali.
Har ila yau, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa sauƙin shugabancin Morris ya jagoranci shi a matsayin taro da aka samar a hanyar da mai kirkiro ya ƙi. Kodayake, shahararren wannan salon da ya dace ya kawo al'adun gargajiyar Arts da Crafts zuwa ga talakawa, kuma ya karfafa wa sauran masu sana'a su bi jagoransa. Art Nouveau, Ƙwararren Ƙwararru, da Craftsman / Siffar ta Ofishin Jakadancin suna da dukkan nau'o'in fasaha na Arts da Crafts, a gaskiya.
Sauran sunayen sunaye a cikin Birtaniya sune Charles Robert Ashbee da Charles Francis Annesley Voysey.
Ashbee, a cewar Victoria Victoria da Albert Museum, "sun tsara manyan kayan kayan ado da kayan azurfa don Guild of Handicraft, wanda ya kafa a 1888 a Gabas ta Gabas na London.
Ayyukan Guild na nuna nauyin kayan azurfa da aka yi, wanda ke gudana a cikin kayan aiki mai sauki. "
Ansley ya kasance "mai zane mai mahimmanci kuma ya samar da samfurori don fuskar bangon waya, kayan ado, igiyoyi, kayan ado, kayan aiki da kayan aiki. Wasu daga cikin alamomin da aka yi amfani dasu don abubuwa a cikin nau'o'in kayan aiki. Voysey yana da salon da aka saba da shi wanda ya haɗa da sauki da sophistication. Ya zama shahararrun shahararren furensa da kayan zane-zane wanda ya hada da tsuntsaye da siffofin fure-faye tare da sassauran ra'ayi da launuka. "
Arts & Crafts a Amurka
Gustav Stickley , Elbert Hubbard , da kuma Charles Limbert sunaye ne da yawa da suka saba da shi a lokacin da aka zana kayan furniture (latsa kowane suna don ƙarin bayani game da su). Harkokin kasuwancin da wadannan mazajen suka gudana sun kuma yi kayan ado na kayan ado da dama ciki har da fitilu. Kungiyar Hubbard ta Roycroft tana da sanannun sanannen kayan da aka yi da jan karfe, kuma waɗannan ana daukar su sosai a yau. Sauran masu sana'a a fadin kasar sun sanya kayan gado a cikin wannan salon.
Amma fasahar fasaha da fasaha bai tsaya ba tare da kayan gida da hasken wuta. Sauran sun rinjayi biyan ko su ci gaba da yin sana'a da kayayyaki a wannan lokaci, ciki har da Louis Comfort Tiffany .
Kamfanonin kamfanoni kamar Rookwood da Grueby hannu suka jefa kayan ado a Art Nouveau. Duk wani abu daga kayan ado zuwa kayan kayan ado an sanya hannu a wannan lokacin.
Amma kamar kamfanoni masu daraja na yau da kullum, waɗannan kayayyaki sukan zo tare da farashi. Kayan ginin Grueby ya sayar da dala 50 a farkon shekarun 1900, daidai da fiye da $ 1,100 a yau. Wasu daga cikin samfurorin da aka saya su da kyawawan kudaden baya yayin da suke sabo suna ci gaba da darajar farashi a kasuwar kasuwa a yau.
Hanyoyin fasaha da fasaha
"Tattaunawa da jaddada halaye na kayan kayan da aka yi amfani da shi don yin abubuwa shine ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ka'idodin al'adu da fasaha," in ji Victoria Museum da Albert a Birtaniya. Gidan kayan gargajiya ya sake bayyana wannan a matsayin "gaskiyar cikin kayan" kuma ya lura da tasirin Gothic Revival style boldness a launi da kuma tsari.
Lokacin da aka gano kayan fasaha da fasaha, kallon tsarin gaba daya yana taimakawa tun lokacin da Art Nouveau, Ƙwararren Ƙwararru, da Jakadanci / Craftsman sun shiga wannan lokacin na ado.
Alal misali, kayan haɗin gwal daga Ƙungiyar Yammacin Yamma suna nuna haske tare da kayan ado na ado kuma an yi ado tare da juyi na bamboo, yayin da salon aikin Mista zai kasance da kayan ado mai mahimmanci kuma yana da sauki tare da abubuwa masu tsabta. Ƙididdigar suna da ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa a Arts & Crafts guda. Kuma duk wani kayan ado na fure, kamar wanda aka zana a cikin bayanan kujeru, misali, yawanci yana da haske sosai.
Ayyukan zane-zane, kayan ado, wasu abubuwa masu ado da aka yi a wannan lokacin sau da yawa suna da fasaha na Art Nouveau wanda ke kunshe da abubuwan da aka harufa ta hanyar dabi'a, furanni, dabbobi, da kwari. Kalmomi daga wannan lokacin ma sun hada da gudana, alamu na haɓaka tare da haɓaka motsi tare da tasiri na halitta.